 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 54(4)(2025):
1177-1185
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5404-17
Bulk-Fill
Giomers: Effectiveness of Cure and Cross Link Density Associated with Different
Light Curing Modes
(Giomer
Isi Pukal: Keberkesanan Penyembuhan dan Ketumpatan Pautan Silang Dikaitkan
dengan Mod Pengawetan Cahaya Berbeza)
JIA WEI LEE1, BAO HUI CHAN1, NOOR AZLIN YAHYA2,*, ZAMRI RADZI3 & ADRIAN
U-JIN YAP 2,4,5,6,7
1Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
2Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,
Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics,
Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4Department of Dentistry, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, 609606,
Singapore
5Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University
Health System, 119228 NUH, Singapore
6National Dental Research Institute Singapore and National Dental
Centre, 168938, Singapore
7Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore Health Services, 169857,
Singapore
Received: 17
July 2024/Accepted: 27 December 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of
light-curing modes on the effectiveness of cure and cross-link density of
restorative (Beautifil Bulk-fill Restorative [BR]) and flowable (Beautifil
Bulk-fill Flowable [BF]) giomers. The giomers were placed in black opaque
acrylic moulds with cylindrical recesses of 5 mm diameter and 4 mm height, and photo-polymerized
with a LED light (Bluephase N) using the following modes: High power (HP) 1200 mW/cm2 (10 s); Low power (LP) 650 mW/cm2 (18.5 s); Soft start (SS) 650 mW/cm2 (5 s) followed by 1200 mW/cm2 (10 s). The polymerized specimens were
stored at 37 °C for 24 h, after which the top and bottom surfaces of the
samples were subjected to microhardness testing to assess the effectiveness of
cure. The specimens were then conditioned in 75% ethanol-water solution at 37 °C
for 24 h and subjected to post-conditioning microhardness testing to determine
cross-link density. Mean bottom-to-top hardness ratios and the softening effect
(∆KHN) with ethanol-water solution were computed. Data were analyzed
using one-way ANOVA/post-hoc Bonferroni’s test and independent samples T-test
(α=0.05). The influence of curing modes on the effectiveness of cure and
cross-link density were material dependent. Mean pre-conditioning hardness
ratios varied from 40.67 to 50.69 for BR and 59.98 to 67.89 for BF with the
different curing modes. The most effective cure was achieved with LP and SS for
BR and BF, respectively. The lowest cross-link density was observed with LP for
both giomers. In conclusion, the effectiveness of cure and cross-link density
of bulk-fill giomers are more influenced by the material type than light-curing
modes applied.
Keywords: Bulk-fill;
cross-link density; giomer; light-curing mode; microhardness
Abstrak
Penyelidikan ini mengkaji pengaruh mod pemampatan cahaya terhadap giomer
keberkesanan pemampatan dan ketumpatan silang bahan restoratif (Beautifil
Bulk-fill Restorative [BR]) dan giomer boleh alir (Beautifil Bulk-fill Flowable
[BF]). Giomer diletakkan dalam acuan akrilik opak hitam dengan lekukan silinder
berdiameter 5 mm dan ketinggian 4 mm, kemudian dipolimerkan dengan cahaya LED
(Bluephase N) menggunakan mod berikut: Kuasa Tinggi (HP) 1200 mW/cm2 (10 s); Kuasa Rendah (LP) 650 mW/cm2 (18.5 s); Mula Lembut (SS) 650 mW/cm2 (5 s) diikuti dengan 1200 mW/cm2 (10 s). Spesimen yang dipolimerkan
disimpan pada suhu 37 °C selama 24 jam, selepas itu permukaan atas dan bawah
sampel diuji mikrokeras untuk menilai keberkesanan pemampatan. Spesimen
kemudian dikondisikan dalam larutan etanol-air 75% pada suhu 37 °C selama 24
jam dan diuji mikrokeras pasca-kondisi untuk menentukan ketumpatan silang.
Nisbah mikrokeras dari bawah ke atas dan kesan lembut (∆KHN) dengan
larutan etanol-air dikira. Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA satu hala/ujian
Bonferroni pasca-hoc dan ujian sampel bebas T (α=0.05). Pengaruh mod pemampatan
terhadap keberkesanan pemampatan dan ketumpatan silang bergantung kepada jenis
bahan. Purata nisbah kekerasan pra-kondisi berbeza dari 40.67 hingga 50.69
untuk BR dan 59.98 hingga 67.89 untuk BF dengan mod pemampatan yang berbeza.
Pemampatan paling berkesan diperoleh dengan LP dan SS masing-masing untuk BR
dan BF. Ketumpatan silang terendah diperhatikan dengan LP untuk kedua-dua
giomer. Secara kesimpulannya, keberkesanan pemampatan dan ketumpatan silang
giomer isi pukal lebih dipengaruhi oleh jenis bahan berbanding mod pemampatan
cahaya yang digunakan.
Kata kunci: Giomer; isi pukal; ketumpatan silang; mikrokeras; mod
pemampatan cahaya
Alshali, R.Z., Salim, N.A., Satterthwaite, J.D.
& Silikas N. 2015. Post-irradiation hardness development, chemical
softening, and thermal stability of bulk-fill and conventional
resin-composites. Journal of Dentistry 43(2): 209-218.
Asmussen, E.
1982. Factors affecting the quantity of remaining double bonds in restorative
resin polymers. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 90(6): 490-496.
Ayad, N.M., Bahgat, H.A., Al Kaba, E.H. & Buholayka, M.H. 2017.
Food simulating organic solvents for evaluating crosslink density of bulk fill
composite resin. International Journal of Dentistry 2017: 1797091.
Bouschlicher, M.R., Rueggeberg, F.A. & Wilson, B.M. 2004.
Correlation of bottom-to-top surface microhardness and conversion ratios for a
variety of resin composite compositions. Operative Dentistry 29(6): 698-704.
Bowen, R.L. 1962. Dental Filling Material Comprising Vinyl
Silane Treated Fused Silica and a Binder Consisting of the Reaction Product of
Bis Phenol and Glycidyl Acrylate. United States Patent Office.
DeWald, J.P. & Ferracane, J.L. 1987. A comparison of four modes
of evaluating depth of cure of light-activated composites. Journal of Dental
Research 66(3): 727-730.
Diab, R.A.,
Yap, A.U., Gonzalez, M.A.G. & Yahya, N.A. 2021. Impact of
light-curing distance on the effectiveness of cure of bulk-fill resin-based
composites. Saudi Dental Journal 33(8): 1184-1189.
Dionysopoulos,
D., Papadopoulos, C. & Koliniotou-Koumpia, E. 2015. Effect of temperature,
curing time, and filler composition on surface microhardness of composite
resins. Journal of Conservative Dentistry 18(2): 114-118.
Flury, S., Hayoz, S., Peutzfeldt, A., Husler, J. & Lussi, A.
2012. Depth of cure of resin composites: Is the ISO 4049 method suitable for
bulk fill materials? Dental Material 28(5): 521-528.
Gan, J.K., Yap,
A.U., Cheong, J.W., Arista, N. & Tan, C. 2018. Bulk-fill composites:
Effectiveness of cure with poly- and monowave curing lights and modes. Operative
Dentistry 43(2): 136-143.
Gordan, V.V.,
Blaser, P.K., Watson, R.E., Mjor, I.A., McEdward, D.L., Sensi, L.G. & Riley
Jr., J.L. 2014. A clinical evaluation of a giomer restorative system containing
surface prereacted glass ionomer filler: Results from a 13-year recall
examination. Journal of American Dental Association 145(10): 1036-1043.
Ilie, N. &
Stark, K. 2014. Curing behaviour of high-viscosity bulk-fill composites. Journal
of Dentistry 42(8): 977-985.
Indrani, D.J.,
Cook W.D., Televantos, F., Tyas, M.J. & Harcourt, J.K. 1995. Fracture
toughness of water-aged resin composite restorative materials. Dental Material 11(3): 201-207.
Jadhav, S.,
Hegde, V., Aher, G. & Fajandar, N. 2011. Influence of light curing units on
failure of direct composite restorations. Journal of Conservative Dentistry 14(3): 225-227.
Jain, L., Mehta, D., Meena, N. & Gupta, R. 2018. Influence of
light energy density, composite type, composite thickness, and postcuring phase
on degree of conversion of bulk-fill composites. Contemporary Clinal Dentistry 9(5): 147.
Jang, J.H.,
Park, S.H. & Hwang, I.N. 2015. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure
of bulk-fill resin composites and highly filled flowable resin. Operative
Dentistry 40(2): 172-180.
Kamalak, H., Canbay, C.A., Yiğit, O. & Altin, S. 2018.
Physico-mechanical and thermal characteristics of commercially available and
newly developed dental flowable composites. Journal of Molecular Structure 1156: 314-319.
Kim, E.H.,
Jung, K.H., Son, S.A., Hur, B., Kwon, Y.H. & Park, J.K. 2015. Effect of
resin thickness on the microhardness and optical properties of bulk-fill resin
composites. Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics 40(2): 128-135.
Lamiaa, M., Moharam, Zohair, E.H. & Karim, A.E. 2017. The
effect of different insertion techniques on the depth of cure and vickers
surface micro-hardness of two bulk-fill resin composite materials. Journal
of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry 9(2): 266-271.
Lassila, L.V., Nagas, E., Vallittu, P.K. & Garoushi, S. 2012.
Translucency of flowable bulk-filling composites of various thicknesses. Chinese
Journal of Dental Research 15(1):
31-35.
Lea, H., Neuerer, C., Heck, K. & Kunzelmann, K-H. 2021.
Bulk-fill composites compared to a nanohybrid composite in Class-II cavities–A two-year
follow-up study. Journal of Adhesive Dentistry 23(5): 389-396.
Meng, J., Yang, H., Cao, M., Li, L. & Cai, Q. 2017. Correlating
cytotoxicity to elution behaviors of composite resins in term of curing
kinetic. Materials Science and Engineering: C 78: 413-419.
Mobarak, E.,
Elsayad, I., Ibrahim, M. & El-Badrawy, W. 2009. Effect of LED light-curing
on the relative hardness of tooth-colored restorative materials. Operative
Dentistry 34(1): 65-71.
Park, J.,
Chang, J., Ferracane, J. & Lee, I.B. 2008. How should composite be layered
to reduce shrinkage stress: Incremental or bulk filling? Dental Material 24(11): 1501-1505.
Ruchi, G., Tomer, A.K., Kumari, A., Mullick, S. & Dubey, S.
2017. Bulkfill flowable composite resins - A review. International Journal
of Applied Dental Sciences 3(2): 38-40.
Roy, K.K., Kumar, K.P., John, G., Sooraparaju, S.G., Nujella, S.K.
& Sowmya, K. 2018. A comparative evaluation of effect of modern-curing
lights and curing modes on conventional and novel-resin monomers. Journal of
Conservative Dentistry 21(1): 68-73.
Soares, C.J., Faria-E-Silva, A.L., de Rodrigues, M., Vilela, A.B.,
Pfeifer, C.S., Tantbirojn, D. & Versluis, A. 2017. Polymerization shrinkage
stress of composite resins and resin cements – what do we need to know? Brazilian
Oral Research 31: e62.
Spajic, J., Par, M., Milat, O., Demoli, N., Bjelovucic, R. &
Prskalo, K. 2019. Effects of curing modes on the microhardness of
resin-modified glass ionomer cements. Acta Stomatologica Croatica 53(1):
37-46.
Spajić, J., Prskalo, K., Šariri, K., Par, M., Pandurić,
V. & Demoli, N. 2018. Dimensional changes of glass ionomers and a giomer
during the setting time. Acta Stomatologica Croatica 52(4): 298-306.
Sunico, M.C., Shinkai, K. & Katoh, Y. 2005. Two-year clinical
performance of occlusal and cervical giomer restorations. Operative
Dentistry 30(3): 282-289.
Thome, T.,
Steagall Jr., W., Tachibana, A., Braga, S.R. & Turbino, M.L. 2007.
Influence of the distance of the curing light source and composite shade on
hardness of two composites. Journal of Applied Oral Science 15(6): 486-491.
Toh, W.S., Yap, A.U. & Lim, S.Y. 2015. In vitro biocompatibility of contemporary bulk-fill composites. Operative Dentistry 40(6): 644-652.
Tsujimoto, A.,
Barkmeier, W.W., Takamizawa, T., Latta, M.A. & Miyazaki, M. 2017. Depth of
cure, flexural properties and volumetric shrinkage of low and high viscosity
bulk-fill giomers and resin composites. Dental Material Journal 36(2): 205-213.
Veloso, S.R.M., Lemos, C.A.A., de Moraes, S.L.D., do Egito
Vasconcelos, B.C., Pellizzer, E.P. & de Melo Monteiro, G.Q. 2019. Clinical
performance of bulk-fill and conventional resin composite restorations in
posterior teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinal Oral Investigation 23(1): 221-233.
Wahbi, M.A.,
Aalam, F.A., Fatiny, F.I., Radwan, S.A., Eshan, I.Y. & Al-Samadani, K.H.
2012. Characterization of heat emission of light-curing units. Saudi Dental
Journal 24(2): 91-98.
Yap, A.U.,
Pandya, M. & Toh, W.S. 2016. Depth of cure of contemporary bulk-fill
resin-based composites. Dental Material Journal 35(3): 503-510.
Yap, A.U., Soh,
M.S., Han, T.T. & Siow, K.S. 2004. Influence of curing lights and modes on
cross-link density of dental composites. Operative Dentistry 29(4): 410-415.
*Corresponding author; email: nazlin@um.edu.my
|
|||
|
